Diabetic Retinopathy Screening and Monitoring: Smarter Tools for Better Outcomes

Table of Contents

What are the diabetic retinopathy screening methods?

Fundus images in DR screening

Can OCT detect diabetic retinopathy?

What does diabetic retinopathy look like on OCT?

What are the screening intervals for diabetic retinopathy?

What are OCT biomarkers for diabetic macular edema?

Monitoring diabetic retinopathy: OCT red flags

Diabetic retinopathy treatment

Conclusion

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains the leading cause of irreversible vision loss among working-age adults worldwide. According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), one in three patients with diabetes shows signs of DR, and 10% develop diabetic macular edema (DME). Early diagnosis, systematic screening, and individualized monitoring are essential to prevent vision loss.

What are the diabetic retinopathy screening methods?

Modern methods of DR screening include:

• Telemedicine platforms with automated fundus image transmission
• FDA-approved AI-based systems
• Mobile fundus cameras with Wi-Fi synchronization for field examinations
• Smartphone-based platforms with specialized lenses

In practice, these methods are often combined. For example, patients may undergo fundus photography, after which the images are transmitted to telemedicine centers and analysed by AI algorithms. More complex cases are then referred to ophthalmologists.

DR screening is also frequently incorporated into annual diabetes checkups conducted by primary care physicians trained in basic fundus photography. This approach, already successfully implemented in several EU countries, has reduced the incidence of severe DR.

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Innovations in DR screening have broadened access for rural residents, older adults, and individuals with limited mobility. Integration into national e-health systems enables automated reminders and electronic medical record linkage, incorporating laboratory data (HbA1c, blood pressure) alongside retinal images.

Fundus images in DR screening

Fundus photography is the optimal primary screening method due to its high diagnostic yield, cost-efficiency, simplicity, and ability to integrate with AI and telemedicine solutions. 

It enables detection of microaneurysms, hemorrhages, exudates, and neovascularization, often before symptoms arise. National screening programs rely heavily on digital fundus imaging, which, when combined with AI, provides an efficient platform for mass DR detection.

Advances in fundus imaging for diabetic retinopathy have improved efficiency. Modern non-mydriatic cameras deliver high-quality images without pupil dilation, while automated image analysis supports rapid identification of suspicious cases. Cloud storage and telemedicine platforms facilitate remote evaluation, increasing coverage in regions with limited ophthalmology services.

Next-generation wide-field cameras further enhance detection by capturing peripheral pathology. Some devices also generate automated annotations, reporting lesion type, DR stage, and DME presence, thereby standardizing interpretation and expediting clinical decision-making.

Can OCT detect diabetic retinopathy?

Although OCT has not traditionally been considered a primary screening tool for diabetic retinopathy, its role in diagnostics is steadily growing. OCT is increasingly used as a supplementary method to fundus photography, especially for detecting early signs of diabetic macular edema and morphological changes in the central retina that are not yet visible during ophthalmoscopy.

Due to its high resolution, OCT allows visualization of structural changes such as photoreceptor layer disruption, subclinical intraretinal fluid, thickening of the neurosensory retina, and foveal edema. These changes often precede clinically significant macular edema and can only be detected by OCT.

OCT is also useful for identifying other causes of vision loss in diabetic patients, for example, ruling out age-related macular degeneration.

Recent studies confirm that adding OCT to standard screening significantly increases diagnostic accuracy for DME. Therefore, many experts recommend combining fundus photography with OCT in patients with long-standing diabetes, poor glycemic control, or complaints of vision deterioration.

What does diabetic retinopathy look like on OCT?

Diabetic retinopathy OCT scans offer a unique opportunity to identify changes not always seen on fundus photography.

Typical DR OCT findings include:

• Destruction of outer retinal layers, particularly the ellipsoid zone, indicating photoreceptor damage
• Intraretinal hyperreflective foci, hard exudates
• Microaneurysms
• Changes in retinal thickness and neuroepithelial layer atrophy
• Diabetic macular edema with intraretinal hyporeflective cystoid spaces and neuroepithelial swelling
• Subretinal fluid, resulting from increased vascular permeability
• Disorganization of inner retinal layers (DRIL), an unfavorable prognostic sign associated with reduced visual acuity
• Development of epiretinal membranes

OCT also detects proliferative changes and tractional zones, which may lead to tractional retinal detachment.

Beyond structural analysis, OCT angiography (OCTA) is increasingly used to visualize microvascular retinal changes without contrast injection. OCTA helps identify neovascularization, capillary network disruption, and the extent of macular ischemia.

What are the screening intervals for diabetic retinopathy?

The screening frequency for diabetic retinopathy must be tailored to diabetes type, disease stage, and risk factors:

Type 1 diabetes

• First screening: 3–5 years after diagnosis (due to onset in children and young adults)
• Then annually, if no DR is detected
• If DR is present, frequency depends on severity

Type 2 diabetes

• Screening at diagnosis, as DR may already be present.
• If no DR, repeat every 1–2 years.

Patients with confirmed DR

• No visible DR, mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), no DME — every 1–2 years
• Moderate NPDR — every 6–12 months.
• Severe NPDR — every 3 months.
• Proliferative DR (PDR) — monthly, with regular OCT monitoring of the macula.
• DME — monthly if center-involving, every 3 months if not.

Pregnant women with type 1 or type 2 diabetes

• Screening before conception or in the first trimester, with follow-up each trimester and postpartum
• Screening is not required for gestational diabetes without pre-existing diabetes

Post-treatment patients (laser or vitrectomy)

• Typically, every 3–6 months during the first year, individualized based on retinal stability

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What are OCT biomarkers for diabetic macular edema?

OCT is a key method for detecting DME, thanks to its ability to visualize retinal layers with micron resolution. OCT not only confirms DME presence but also identifies biomarkers with prognostic value for treatment selection, therapy response prediction, and monitoring.

Main OCT biomarkers in DME:

• Cystoid hyporeflective intraretinal spaces, usually found in the inner nuclear layer (INL) or outer plexiform layer (OPL). Their number, size, and location correlate with edema severity. Large or confluent spaces may indicate chronicity and a worse prognosis.
• Subretinal fluid (fluid between the neurosensory retina and retinal pigment epithelium). While often associated with a better visual prognosis, it requires careful monitoring and consideration in anti-VEGF therapy.
• Central macular thickening. Changes in macular thickness are key indicators of treatment effectiveness.

Monitoring diabetic retinopathy: OCT red flags

Patients with DR require ongoing monitoring to identify early signs of progression. Worrisome OCT signs of disease progression include. Worrisome OCT signs of disease progression include:

• Progressive central macular thickening despite treatment.
• Increase in intraretinal or subretinal fluid, appearance or enlargement of cystoid spaces
• Appearance of new hyperreflective foci, signaling inflammatory activity. Hyperreflective foci may precede hard exudates or RPE changes.
• Appearance or progression of DRIL. DRIL is an independent predictor of poor prognosis, even when morphological improvement is seen on OCT.
• Ellipsoid zone disruption, indicating photoreceptor damage.
• Signs of macular ischemia. Although better evaluated with OCTA, indirect signs on OCT may include thinning of the inner retinal layers.
• Tractional changes: epiretinal membrane formation, inner retinal stretching, or macular traction.

The appearance of these OCT signs should prompt reassessment of therapy, potential regimen adjustment (e.g., switching anti-VEGF agents, introducing steroids, or combination therapy), and referral to retinal surgeons when tractional changes are present.

Diabetic retinopathy treatment

Treatment of DR requires a comprehensive approach, taking into account disease stage, individual patient characteristics, OCT findings, comorbidities, and prognostic biomarkers.. Modern strategies include preventive, pharmacological, and surgical methods, as well as personalized medicine tools based on retinal imaging.

1. Risk stratification and treatment choice
   Therapy is chosen based on:

• DR stage (non-proliferative, proliferative, with or without DME).
• DME form (focal, diffuse, with or without subretinal fluid).
• Presence of DRIL, EZ disruption, ischemic changes on OCTA.
• Response to prior therapy (anti-VEGF, steroids, laser).
• Comorbidities (renal insufficiency, hypertension, poor compliance).

Low-risk patients may undergo observation or focal laser. Those with significant DME — anti-VEGF or steroid injections. Proliferative DR patients often require panretinal laser photocoagulation or vitrectomy.

2. Pharmacotherapy: anti-VEGF and steroids
   Anti-VEGF agents (aflibercept, ranibizumab, bevacizumab) remain first-line therapy for DME, especially effective in patients with significant edema and no ischemia. New agents with extended effects, including port delivery systems, are emerging.
   Steroids are used in persistent DME, anti-VEGF resistance, or inflammatory phenotypes.
3. Laser therapy
   Although injections have largely replaced laser for DME, panretinal photocoagulation remains standard for proliferative DR. Subthreshold micropulse laser is increasingly used for focal edema with minimal tissue impact.
4. Surgery
   Vitrectomy is indicated in cases of tractional macular edema, vitreous hemorrhage, or retinal detachment.
5. Personalization based on OCT
   Modern treatment protocols integrate OCT biomarkers for tailored strategies and prognosis. AI systems can automatically generate treatment protocols from OCT data, highly valuable where retina specialists are limited.
6. Patient education and multidisciplinary care
   Treatment success depends heavily on patient adherence. Patients must understand the need for regular injections, monitoring, and systemic control. Collaboration between ophthalmologists, endocrinologists, and family doctors ensures stable glycemic control and slows DR progression.

Conclusion

Screening and monitoring of diabetic retinopathy are evolving rapidly with advances in telemedicine, AI, and OCT-based imaging. Early detection through decentralized, technology-driven approaches, combined with individualized monitoring and biomarker-guided treatment, is critical to preserving vision. Personalized care strategies—supported by imaging technologies and multidisciplinary collaboration—offer the most effective means to reduce the global burden of DR-related blindness.

Altris AI introduces Flags to instantly identify OCT scans with specific retina pathologies or biomarkers

Chicago, IL – August 26, 2025 – Altris AI introduces an advanced flagging system to search through the large volumes of OCT scans, including historical data.

Now, with Altris AI’s new functionality, eye care professionals can instantly identify OCT scans with specific retina pathologies or biomarkers from the list of over 70 conditions. For example, clinicians can locate OCT scans of all patients with a Soft Drusen or Dry AMD, forming cohorts for clinical or research purposes.

For those who work with Geographic Atrophy biomarkers, it is also possible to exclude the presence of GA biomarkers in 1, 3,6 mm ETDRS zones to spot early development of this pathology.

The flagging system is precise and enables fast, targeted searches across historical records and large datasets – including OCT scans from different devices. This advancement supports a more efficient workflow and enhances access to critical data for both diagnostics and research.

“Flags are a clinical shortcut. Instead of manually searching through thousands of scans, you can now filter precisely for what you need—whether that’s subretinal fluid, GA progression, or early glaucoma indicators. It’s about making the data work for you.” Maria Znamenska, MD, PhD, Chief Medical Officer at Altris AI.

With flags for smart filtering, eye care specialists can:

• Track risk-related biomarkers and set reminders for patient follow-ups
• Quickly identify eligible candidates for clinical studies by searching through large volumes of data
• Confidently introduce new treatments by finding the right patient profiles
• Filter rare or complex cases to study unique combinations of pathologies and biomarkers and their progression

“Flags make it possible to build patient cohorts in minutes,” Maria Znamenska, Chief Medical Officer at Altris AI, comments on this new feature. “Whether it’s for the research or for introducing the new therapy, you now have a reliable tool to search for the right patients efficiently.

For example, the FDA has recently approved the first treatment for Macular Telangiectasia Type 2, so eye care specialists can now search through their whole patient database and find those who have this particular pathology in minutes to offer them a new treatment.”

The release of flags reinforces Altris AI’s position as a leading AI decision support platform for OCT analysis for both clinical care and research purposes. By enabling customizable filtering across over 70 pathologies and biomarkers, flags support better disease tracking, faster research, and more personalized treatment planning.

About Altris AI
Altris AI is a vendor-neutral, web-based AI Decision Support for OCT Analysis platform. It supports early diagnosis, treatment planning, and research across more than 70 biomarkers and retinal pathologies. Altris AI is used by leading clinics and research centers worldwide.

22.08.2025

Altris AI Achieves MDSAP Certification, Strengthening Global Presence and Clinical Credibility

Altris Inc., a leading AI decision support platform for OCT scan analysis, proudly announces that it has passed the Medical Device Single Audit Program (MDSAP) audit. 

Based on the objective evidence reviewed, this audit enables a recommendation for Initial certification to ISO 13485:2016 MDSAP, including the requirements of Australia, Brazil, Canada, the USA, and Japan, and EU 2017/745, and that the scope was reviewed and found to be appropriate for ISO 13485:2016/MDSAP and EU MDR 2017/745.

The results of this audit are suitable for obtaining the EU MDR 2017/745 certificate, which we are currently in the process of pursuing.

ISO 13485:2016/MDSAP enables Altris Inc. to “design, manufacture, and distribute medical software for the analysis and diagnosis of retinal conditions globally.” It is recognized by leading global health regulators and signals trust and credibility to public and private hospitals, eye care networks, and optometry chains worldwide. 

MDSAP Certification also opens the door for Altris Inc. to enter new international markets, including Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and additional parts of North America. The MDSAP certification allows a single regulatory audit of Altris AI’s Quality Management System (QMS) to be recognized by multiple major health authorities, including:

• FDA (United States)
• Health Canada
• TGA (Australia)
• ANVISA (Brazil)
• MHLW/PMDA (Japan)

MDSAP enforces that the Quality Management System for developing, testing, and maintaining AI Decision Support for OCT complies with international medical device standards. Altris AI Decision Support for OCT Analysis system that facilitates the detection and monitoring of over 70 retinal pathologies and biomarkers, including early signs of glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration. 

“Achieving ISO 13485:2016 certification under the stringent MDSAP requirements is a significant accomplishment for our team,” said Maria Znamenska, MD, PhD, Chief Medical Officer at Altris AI. “As a practicing ophthalmologist, I understand that the safety of patients is the absolute priority. Especially when implementing such an innovative technology as AI for decision support in OCT analysis. That is why we did everything possible to build quality processes that guarantee the highest level of safety for the patients.

This certification enables Altris AI to expand its presence and offer eye care specialists upgraded functions such as GA progression monitoring, flags for smart patient filtering, or automated drusen count.”

“This is more than a regulatory milestone for our team  – it’s a signal to the global eye care community that Altris AI is a trusted clinical partner,” said Andrey Kuropyatnyk, CEO of Altris AI. 

About Altris AI

Founded in 2017, Altris AI is at the forefront of integrating artificial intelligence analysis into ophthalmology and optometry.

The company’s platform is designed to assist eye care professionals in interpreting OCT scans with greater objectivity and make informed treatment decisions. It’s a vendor-neutral platform compatible with OCT devices from 8 major global manufacturers. With a commitment to innovation and compliance, Altris AI continues to develop solutions that set higher standards in the eye care industry and improve patient outcomes.

Glaucoma OCT Monitoring: From Early Detection to Ongoing Management

Table of Contents

1. Why is early detection of glaucoma so important?

2. How to detect glaucoma in early stages: key methods

3. Why is OCT glaucoma monitoring important after diagnosis?

4. What additional tools are used to monitor glaucoma treatment?

5. Conclusion

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), glaucoma is the second most common cause of blindness globally, following cataracts, but the leading cause of irreversible blindness. The challenge lies in the fact that most forms of glaucoma are asymptomatic in the early stages, meaning the diagnosis is often made only after significant loss of retinal ganglion cells has occurred.

Traditional methods of detecting glaucoma, such as ophthalmoscopy and perimetry, remain valuable but have notable limitations—especially in terms of sensitivity to early changes. Functional tests like perimetry typically detect damage only after 30–40% of the optic nerve fibres have already been lost. This is why modern ophthalmology increasingly relies on techniques that detect structural damage before functional loss appears.

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) has fundamentally changed glaucoma diagnostics over the past two decades. It enables non-invasive, micron-level imaging of retinal microstructures and provides objective measurements of the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL), ganglion cell complex (GCC), and optic nerve head (ONH) parameters. Moreover, the advent of OCT angiography (OCTA) has introduced a new dimension in assessing microcirculation—complementing structural analysis and potentially predicting glaucoma progression.

Today, OCT is the standard for early detection, monitoring, and risk stratification of glaucoma progression, as recognised in international clinical guidelines. When combined with functional tests, tonometry, and anterior chamber angle assessment, OCT becomes the foundation for personalised glaucoma management.

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This article aims to consolidate current OCT capabilities in glaucoma diagnosis. It explores key biomarkers, progression assessment techniques, integration with other diagnostic tools, and the role of patient involvement in disease monitoring.

Why is early detection of glaucoma so important?

Early detection of glaucoma is critical, as optic nerve damage in glaucoma is irreversible. Many patients seek care only after considerable vision loss has occurred, at which point treatment can slow progression but cannot restore lost function. This is why the ophthalmic community emphasizes the importance of detecting glaucoma at preclinical or pre-perimetric stages.

How does OCT help in detecting glaucoma early?

OCT provides high-resolution imaging of the retina and optic nerve head. Unlike subjective functional tests, OCT offers objective, quantitative information on ganglion cells, nerve fibre layers, and the neuroretinal rim, enabling detection of even subtle deviations from the norm.

Recent OCT models provide even deeper visualization, including the lamina cribrosa, the structure of which is altered in glaucoma. Today, OCT is recognized as a key diagnostic method in the guidelines of the European Glaucoma Society and the American Academy of Ophthalmology.

How to detect glaucoma in early stages: key methods

There are four methods to detect glaucoma early: measuring Ganglion Cell Complex (GCC) thickness and GCC asymmetry, RNFL thickness analysis, evaluating optic nerve head parameters and the DDLS scale, and using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) to evaluate other parameters that may indicate glaucoma.

Glaucoma detection method 1: measuring GCC thickness and asymmetry

One of the most sensitive preclinical biomarkers of glaucomatous damage is thinning of the ganglion cell complex (GCC), which includes the ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), and macular RNFL (mRNFL). It is assessed through macular OCT scans. Damage in this area is particularly critical, as 50–60% of all ganglion cells are concentrated within the central 6 mm zone.

Assessing asymmetry between the superior and inferior halves of the macula within the GCC is a key diagnostic indicator. Studies show that minimum GCC thickness and FLV/GLV indices (Focal Loss Volume / Global Loss Volume) are predictors of future RNFL thinning or emerging visual field defects. Asymmetry maps significantly ease clinical interpretation.

A newer approach—vector analysis of GCC loss—also allows clinicians to visualise the direction of damage, which often correlates with future visual field defects.

Glaucoma detection method 2: RNFL thickness analysis

RNFL analysis is among the most widely used glaucoma diagnostic methods. The RNFL reflects the axons of the ganglion cells and is readily measured in optic nerve scans. Temporal sectors are the most sensitive and often show the earliest changes.

Even when the overall thickness appears normal, localised defects should raise suspicion. Sectoral thinning of ≥5–7 μm is considered statistically significant. Age-related RNFL decline (~0.2–0.5 μm/year) must also be considered.

Glaucoma detection method 3: optic nerve head parameters and the DDLS scale

Evaluating the optic nerve head (ONH) is essential. OCT enables automated assessment of optic disc area, cup-to-disc ratio (C/D), cup volume, rim area, and the lamina cribrosa.

The Disc Damage Likelihood Scale (DDLS) classifies glaucomatous ONH changes based on the thinnest radial rim width or, if absent, the extent of rim loss. Unlike the C/D ratio, DDLS adjusts for disc size. When combined with OCT, DDLS significantly enhances objective clinical assessment.

In high myopia, automatic ONH segmentation often misclassifies anatomy. Here, newer deep learning–based segmentation models improve accuracy.

Glaucoma detection method 4: OCTA

OCTA enables evaluation of:

• Vessel density in the peripapillary region
  
• Optic nerve and macular vascularization
• Retinal vs. ONH perfusion in both eyes

Studies confirm that reduced vessel density correlates with RNFL loss and visual field deterioration, and often precedes both.

Why is OCT glaucoma monitoring important after diagnosis?

Glaucoma can progress even with stable intraocular pressure (IOP), making regular structural assessment of the optic nerve and inner retina crucial for therapy adjustment.

Glaucoma OCT is not only a diagnostic tool but also the primary method for monitoring glaucomatous damage. Unlike functional tests, OCT can detect even minimal RNFL or GCL thinning—months or even years before visual field loss appears. With serial measurements and built-in analytics, OCT allows clinicians to track progression rates and identify high-risk patients.

What are the primary methods to monitor glaucoma progression?

Two primary methods to monitor glaucoma progression are event-based analysis and trend-based analysis.

Glaucoma progression monitoring method 1: event-based analysis

This method compares current scans with a reference baseline, identifying whether RNFL or GCL thinning exceeds expected variability.

📌 Example: Heidelberg Eye Explorer (HEYEX) highlights suspicious areas in yellow (possible loss) or red (confirmed loss).

Limitations include sensitivity to artifacts, image misalignment, and segmentation quality. A high-quality baseline scan is essential.

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Glaucoma progression monitoring method 2: trend-based analysis

This approach accounts for time. The software plots RNFL/GCL thickness trends over time in selected sectors or globally and calculates the rate of progression.

Examples:

• RNFL thinning >1.0 μm/year is clinically significant.
  
• Thinning >1.5 μm/year indicates active progression.

It also accounts for age-related changes, helping differentiate physiological vs. pathological decline.

What does a visual assessment of glaucoma progression involve?

Visual assessment of glaucoma progression involves qualitative analysis of B-scans and colour maps (RNFL deviation map, thickness map).

Here’s what is evaluated during a glaucoma OCT assessment:

• Focal RNFL thinning (localised defects)
  
• Changes in the neuroretinal rim
  
• Alterations in ONH cupping
  
• GCL/GCIPL comparison (superior vs. inferior) on macular maps
• New segmentation artifacts (may mimic progression)

What OCT glaucoma findings indicate true progression?

Five OCT glaucoma findings indicate true progression:

• RNFL thinning >10 μm in one sector or >5 μm in several sectors
  
• New or worsening GCL asymmetry (yellow to red colour shift)
  
• Emerging or expanding RNFL defects on colour maps
  
• Increasing C/D ratio with concurrent rim thinning
  
• New localised areas of vessel density loss on OCTA

Particular attention should be paid to the inferotemporal and superotemporal RNFL sectors, where 80% of early changes occur.

How frequently should glaucoma OCT monitoring be done?

According to the AAO and EGS, the recommended frequency for glaucoma OCT monitoring is as follows:

• High-risk patients: every 6 months

• Stable patients: once a year

• For trend analysis: at least 6–8 scans over 2 years to ensure statistical reliability

Looking ahead, broader use of AI for glaucoma is expected to support earlier and more accurate detection, while also reducing false positives.

What additional tools are used to monitor glaucoma treatment?

While OCT is essential for detecting structural changes, a comprehensive glaucoma assessment requires a multimodal approach. Additional tools used to monitor glaucoma treatment include perimetry, tonometry, optic disc fundus photography, and gonioscopy.

Perimetry or visual field testing

Functional assessment of the optic nerve remains essential. Standard Automated Perimetry (SAP), typically using Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer protocols (24-2, 30-2, and 10-2), is the most widely used method.

Key perimetric indices include:

• MD (Mean Deviation): shows the average deviation from normal values

• PSD (Pattern Standard Deviation): highlights localized defects

• VFI (Visual Field Index): summarises global visual function; useful for tracking progression

• GHT (Glaucoma Hemifield Test): provides automated analysis of field asymmetry

However, structural and functional changes don’t always align. In 30–50% of cases, structural changes—such as RNFL thinning on OCT—precede detectable visual field defects. In other cases, the opposite occurs.

As a result, current best practice relies on integrated OCT and perimetry analysis to correlate the location of damage and monitor glaucoma progression more precisely.

Combined OCT and perimetry remains the gold standard for glaucoma progression monitoring.

Tonometry

Intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only clearly modifiable risk factor associated with both glaucoma onset and progression. Even elevated IOP within the upper-normal range can be linked to structural and functional decline.

Goldmann applanation tonometry continues to be the gold standard for IOP measurement.

Assessment should not be based on a single IOP reading. Diurnal fluctuations are an independent risk factor, particularly in cases of normal-tension glaucoma.

Optic disc fundus photography

Although subjective, fundus imaging is still valuable for documenting glaucomatous changes, especially in ambiguous or borderline cases. Unlike OCT, it does not provide quantitative data, but it helps visualise morphological changes over time.

What to assess:

• Progressive disc cupping

• Changes in neuroretinal rim shape or colour

• Disc margin haemorrhages (associated with faster RNFL thinning and visual field loss)

• Inter-eye comparisons

Gonioscopy

Gonioscopy is used to evaluate the anterior chamber angle, especially to exclude angle-closure, pigmentary, or pseudoexfoliative glaucoma. It also helps identify neovascularisation, trabecular meshwork abnormalities, and other angle anomalies.

Final note: To form a complete clinical picture, structural findings, functional test results, and IOP measurements must all be considered together.

Patient education: a key to successful glaucoma management

Effective glaucoma management relies not only on accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment but also on patient adherence to monitoring and therapy.

The challenge:

In the early stages, glaucoma is typically asymptomatic. As a result, many patients underestimate its seriousness. This often leads to poor compliance, missed follow-up appointments, and self-discontinuation of prescribed medications.

The goals of patient education:

• Clearly explain that glaucoma progresses silently but can lead to irreversible blindness if left untreated.

• Use real-life examples—such as before/after OCT scans and visual field comparisons—to demonstrate disease progression.

• Educate patients to recognise warning signs or complications (e.g., changes in vision, eye pain).

• Visualise disease progression with AI tools that display RNFL loss and predict future risk.

  

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Educational resources may include:

• Printed brochures with simple, patient-friendly language

• Videos featuring actual OCT images and explanations

• In-clinic discussions between doctor and patient

• Telemedicine platforms offering personalised reminders and follow-up prompts

According to the AAO, patients with a basic understanding of glaucoma are 2.5 times more likely to adhere to treatment and attend routine check-ups.

Conclusion

OCT now plays a central role in both diagnosing and monitoring glaucoma. Its ability to detect subtle structural changes—before measurable functional loss—makes early intervention possible and increases the likelihood of preserving vision.

Key biomarkers include RNFL, GCC, and ONH parameters. Event-based and trend-based analyses, colour-coded deviation maps, and OCTA for assessing microcirculation give ophthalmologists reliable, quantitative tools for evidence-based decision-making.

When combined with functional testing and individual risk profiling, these tools support a personalised approach to glaucoma care.

However, technology alone is not enough. Accurate interpretation—and strong patient understanding—are equally essential. When patients fully grasp the nature of the disease and the role of OCT in managing it, adherence improves and outcomes are better.

OCT is not just a diagnostic tool; it is the foundation of an integrated, evidence-based strategy for glaucoma management, from initial screening through to long-term monitoring and treatment optimisation.

Inside the Power Hour: Altris AI’s Take on AI Innovation in Eye Care

Our Vice President of Business Development, Grant Schmid, took part in The Power Hour podcast to discuss how AI and automation are shaping the future of patient experience. We turned that conversation into an interview and pulled out the most compellinsubtle anatomical g insights on tech-enabled practice growth and innovation in eye care.

Eugene Shatsman: Can you start by introducing Altris AI and what problem you’re solving in eye care?
Grant Schmid: Altris AI was founded in 2017 in Chicago, with the University of Chicago as our first investor. But most of our team — and the heart of our development — is based in Ukraine.

We focus on AI for OCT analysis. Our goal is to provide decision support that helps identify over 70 different pathologies and biomarkers, no matter what OCT device a clinic uses. The idea is to speed up image interpretation, ensure nothing is missed, and support doctors in delivering top-quality care.

Eugene: What initially inspired the development of Altris AI?
Grant: Our co-founder is a retina specialist from Kyiv. She wanted a way to improve the referral process and increase the OCT knowledge of those referring patients to her. That’s how the idea of a clinical decision support platform was born.

We actually started with an educational OCT app that you can still download — many doctors come to our booth at trade shows not realizing that the app is also part of what we’ve built.

Eugene: What does a typical OCT workflow look like with and without Altris AI?
Grant: In many modern practices, every patient now gets an OCT. It’s used to screen for diseases like AMD, glaucoma, or diabetic retinopathy. But subtle anatomical differences can confuse even experienced clinicians.

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With Altris AI, the doctor gets an analysis almost immediately — color-coded overlays, pathology markers, optic disc assessments, all in one place. This speeds up the review process and supports clinical decision-making without disrupting workflow.

Eugene: What do you say to clinicians who say, “I already know how to read OCTs — why do I need AI?”
Grant: Many doctors are confident in interpreting OCTs, and that’s great. But the value isn’t just in identifying disease — it’s in validation and patient education.

We’re not here to replace what doctors do. Altris AI validates what you already know and makes it easier to communicate with patients. We highlight what might be missed, and we provide visual tools that help explain findings clearly — which leads to better patient understanding and trust.

Eugene: Can you give an example of how this helps patient education?
Grant: Absolutely. Let’s take glaucoma. Many patients on drops don’t feel or see any change, so they think, “Why bother?” But if you can show them a progression or show that things are stable, it becomes real to them.

We launched an Optic Disc Analysis feature that lets you compare up to eight past visits side-by-side. So when a patient asks, “Is this working?” you can say, “Yes, here’s the proof.” That drives adherence and builds trust.

Eugene: Are practices today ready to embrace AI-based tools? Or are they still cautious?
Grant: There’s a lot of curiosity, a lot of interest. Some are still figuring out how to implement AI in a way that makes sense for them.

But AI is everywhere now — whether it’s in search engines, smartphones, or how we shop. Patients expect that kind of intelligence in their healthcare, too. In fact, a 67-year-old tugboat captain with AMD once called me asking about our software and offered to pay for his doctor’s subscription. That tells you how fast expectations are changing.

Eugene: Can AI actually improve the patient experience beyond just diagnosis?
Grant: Absolutely. Patients want to understand what’s happening with their health. When you can show them their scan results with overlays and simple visuals, they feel included in the process.

It’s not just about detecting disease, it’s about building trust. Clear visual communication boosts confidence, reduces anxiety, and increases compliance.

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Eugene: Some fear AI will replace clinicians. What’s your perspective on that?
Grant: That’s one of the biggest myths out there. AI won’t replace clinicians — it enhances what they do.

We’re not cleared to diagnose. We’re a decision-support tool. Doctors still make the final decision, but we give them more data, faster and more clearly. Human clinical judgment is still irreplaceable — we just help sharpen it.

Eugene: What barriers are you seeing when introducing Altris AI to new practices?
Grant: The main one is comfort — many doctors feel confident reading OCTs and don’t immediately see the need.

The other is simply awareness. We’re a fast-growing startup, but many still don’t know about us. That’s why opportunities like this podcast are important.

In terms of logistics, there’s no barrier. Altris AI is web-based, nothing to install, and takes just 20 minutes to learn. We’re designed to be plug-and-play.

Eugene: If a practice wants to engage patients more using AI in eye care, how should they approach it?
Grant: One great idea is to run a recall campaign for patients who haven’t had an OCT in the last 6 or 12 months. Something like, “We now use AI to enhance your OCT scan — come see how it works.”

AI is a differentiator. It shows your clinic is modern, patient-focused, and using the best available tools.

Eugene: What do you think the optometry practice of 2028 will look like?
Grant: I think you’ll see AI systems talking to each other. Imagine our platform detecting something on a scan and automatically triggering a patient reminder or a suggested follow-up.

There will be less manual work and more focus on human care. The doctor will be able to walk in and focus completely on the patient — the AI will handle the background tasks like charting or longitudinal comparisons.

Ultimately, better care, less burnout.

Eugene: What’s one myth you’d like to bust about AI in optometry?
Grant: That AI will replace people. It won’t. What it does is make you more effective. You’ll have sharper insights, clearer visuals, and faster decision-making — all without replacing your clinical experience.

Eugene: And finally, how can practices get started with Altris AI?
Grant: Just go to  altris.ai or connect with us on LinkedIn. We offer live demos and can use your real OCT scans to show exactly how it works.

There’s no software to install, no major investment, and we operate on a subscription basis — so there’s no long-term risk. If you’re curious, reach out. We’d love to show you what’s possible.

Watch the complete Power Hour podcast episode below for more insights on AI, automation, and innovation in eye care:

Dry AMD Treatment: How to Slow Progression with Modern Approaches

Table of Contents

1.What are the dry macular degeneration treatment breakthroughs?

2.How to monitor dry AMD progression with OCT?

3.What are the challenges of dry age-related macular degeneration monitoring?

4.How do I organize efficient dry AMD monitoring in my clinic?

5.Why are optometrists on the front line of early AMD detection?

6.How can OCT insights help support patients emotionally?

7.Conclusion

For many years, dry or non-exudative AMD was considered untreatable. Most efforts were focused on treating the wet or exudative AMD with anti-VEGF drugs. However, this paradigm has recently shifted.

The first FDA-approved drugs appeared recently to treat geographic atrophy (GA), which affects 30% of patients with dry AMD. Additionally, new physiotherapeutic methods, such as multi-wavelength photobiomodulation, have emerged.

Geographic atrophy (GA) is an advanced, irreversible form of dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD). It develops when areas of the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye, undergo cell death (atrophy), causing progressive vision loss. 

However, even the best dry AMD treatment is ineffective without an objective way to measure its success. Updated guidelines suggest advanced tools for monitoring progression, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) is at the core of this process.

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What are the dry macular degeneration treatment breakthroughs?

The dry macular degeneration treatment breakthroughs include multiwavelength photobiomodulation, FDA-approved injectable drugs, and AREDS 2-based supplements. Unlike older recommendations focused on reducing risk factors — quitting smoking, managing blood pressure, and eating a healthy diet — these new approaches for dry AMD combine prevention with active treatment strategies to slow the progression of GA.

1. Dry AMD treatment using multiwavelength photobiomodulation

Multiwavelength photobiomodulation for AMD is a promising new treatment. It uses specific light wavelengths (in the red and near-infrared spectrum, ~590 to 850 nm) to reduce oxidative stress, inflammation, and pigment epithelial cell death in the retina.

One of the most well-known systems used for this approach is Valeda Light Therapy, which delivers controlled multiwavelength light to the retina in a non-invasive manner.

The LIGHTSITE III clinical trial (2022) showed that photobiomodulation significantly slowed the decline in visual acuity and reduced the rate of GA expansion.

Limitations:

• Limited long-term data (only 3–5 years available)
• Requires expensive equipment and trained personnel
• Unclear effectiveness in late-stage GA

2. Dry AMD treatment using FDA-approved injectable drugs

AMD injection drugs approved by the FDA include Izervay and Syfovre.

• Izervay (avacincaptad pegol): A C5 complement protein inhibitor that targets the complement cascade involved in chronic retinal inflammation and damage. Izervay, approved for geographic atrophy secondary to dry AMD, has demonstrated a reduced rate of GA progression in clinical trials.
• Syfovre (pegcetacoplan): A C3 complement inhibitor that blocks the central component of the complement system to reduce inflammation. Syfovre is the first FDA-approved treatment for GA that targets complement component C3, showing a clinically meaningful slowing of GA progression.

Both dry macular degeneration injections have shown the ability to slow GA progression compared to placebo. Although they do not restore vision, slowing vision loss is a meaningful clinical outcome.

Usage considerations:

• Administered via intravitreal injections, usually monthly or every other month
• Doctors need training; patients must be informed about risks (e.g., endophthalmitis, increased IOP)
• Cost and availability may be barriers

3. Dry AMD treatment using AREDS 2-based supplements

AREDS 2 supplements are antioxidant supplements containing lutein, zeaxanthin, vitamins C and E, zinc, and copper. They can reduce the risk of progression to late stage AMD by around 25% over five years, according to the AREDS 2 study.

Pros:

• Easily accessible
• Low risk of side effects
• A strong evidence base

Cons:

• Does not directly affect GA
• Cannot replace active treatments like injections or photobiomodulation

How to monitor dry AMD progression with OCT?

To monitor dry AMD progression effectively, OCT is essential. It is the gold standard for tracking structural changes in the retina. Without OCT, clinicians are essentially flying blind when it comes to assessing disease progression and predicting geographic atrophy (GA) development.

What are the key monitoring parameters of AMD progression?

The key monitoring parameters of AMD progression include GA area, drusen, and distance to fovea.

1. GA area

This is the main metric when using intravitreal eye injections. Modern OCT systems provide GA measurements in mm², allowing doctors to objectively track changes over time.

Even if patients don’t notice symptoms, a growing GA area signals disease progression. In FDA trials for Syfovre and Izervay, the GA area was the primary endpoint.

2. Drusen

Drusen vary in number, size, and shape. A reduction or disappearance of drusen on OCT may seem like an improvement, but could actually indicate a transition to the atrophic stage. Regular monitoring helps detect this early.

3. Distance to fovea

The closer GA is to the fovea, the greater the risk of sudden vision loss.

Early detection enables:

• Referral to an ophthalmologist
• Timely conversations about potential vision loss

What are OCT outputs for AMD progression monitoring and communication?

Useful OCT outputs for AMD progression monitoring and communication are heat maps and progress charts.

1. Heat maps

Modern OCT systems use color-coded heat maps to show pigment epithelium thickness and drusen distribution. This visual format helps in several ways:

• Makes interpretation easier for clinicians
• Helps patients better understand their condition
• Encourages patients to stay engaged with treatment

In clinical practice, it serves as a highly effective communication tool.

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2. Progress charts

Most OCT systems can compare results across visits

• For doctors: Helps guide treatment decisions
• For patients: Provides visual proof of stabilization or worsening

The role of objective evidence in patient treatment

Patients may question the value of long-term treatments or costly procedures.

OCT is the gold standard for patient motivation. When patients see actual changes, they’re more likely to agree to treatment.

What are the challenges of dry age-related macular degeneration monitoring?

Monitoring dry AMD presents technical, organizational, and psychological challenges. Doctors of all levels of experience should be aware of them.

1. Invisible microchanges

Early atrophy or drusen changes may be subtle. Patients may not notice them due to eccentric fixation or slow adaptation.

Without OCT, doctors may miss early GA, delaying treatment.

It is necessary to perform OCT even when there are only minor changes in visual acuity or if the patient reports image distortion (metamorphopsia).

2. Subjective assessment

Ophthalmoscopy reveals only obvious changes. Subtle drusen or early atrophy might be missed.

Relying on patients’ complaints is risky — many don’t notice issues until it’s too late.

That’s why even small optical practices should establish clear referral pathways for OCT exams.

3. Unnecessary referrals

Optometrists or primary care doctors often refer patients to ophthalmologists “just in case,” because they don’t have access to OCT or lack experience interpreting it.

This puts unnecessary strain on specialists. In many cases, nothing new is done after the exam because there are no previous images for comparison.

4. Limitations of OCT devices

Not all OCT devices measure GA or track drusen equally well. Older models may lack automated measurements of atrophy area.

In some cases, referral to a center with advanced OCT is necessary.

How do I organize efficient dry AMD monitoring in my clinic?

Here’s how you can organize efficient monitoring in your clinic:

Tip 1. Create a baseline chart

During the first visit, perform a detailed OCT scan to measure GA area, evaluate drusen, and record distance to the fovea. Save the images or print them for future comparison.

Tip 2. Monitor frequently

• Early stages: every 6–12 months
• With GA: every 3–6 months
• When treated with intravitreal injections: before each injection

A reminder system helps with patient compliance.

Tip 3. Standardize your protocol

Use the same scanning protocols every time to reduce variability.

Tip 4. Use OCT software tools

Modern systems offer:

• Image comparison
• Automatic GA area calculation
• Heat map visualization

Tip 5. Communicate clearly with patients

Use simple language:

• These are areas of atrophy, and we’re measuring them
• These bright spots are drusen we’re monitoring
• The goal is to slow the growth of these areas

Educated patients are more engaged in their care.

Why are optometrists on the front line of early AMD detection?

Optometrists play a key role in spotting the early signs of AMD, as they are often the first point of contact in eye care.

They perform initial screenings, provide guidance on lifestyle and supplements, and ensure regular OCT monitoring.

If drusen, pigment epithelial changes, or signs of GA are present, they refer patients to ophthalmologists for confirmation and treatment planning.

How can OCT insights help support patients emotionally?

Explaining a chronic, progressive condition like AMD to elderly patients can be difficult. Motivating them to return for regular follow-ups is often even harder.

Many ask, “Why bother if it can’t be cured?”

OCT insights can support both understanding and emotional reassurance. A thoughtful approach may include:

• Explaining that treatment helps slow vision loss

• Emphasising their active role in preserving sight

• Using OCT scans to show visual proof of stability or progress

Conclusion

Modern dry AMD treatment is no longer a dead end. With FDA-approved medications, photobiomodulation, and effective supplements, optometrists can significantly impact disease progression.

But none of this works without quality monitoring. OCT reveals what the eye can’t see and helps guide clinical decisions while motivating patients.

The ultimate goal is to partner with patients in preserving their vision. This isn’t a one-time visit—it’s a long-term commitment. The stronger the support, the better the chances of maintaining central vision and seeing meaningful results from dry AMD treatment.

AI for Decision Support with OCT: An Interview with Clara Pereira, Optometrist from Franco Oculista

About Franco Oculista Optometry in Portugal.

Franco Oculista is the optometry center with a 70-year-old history: its roots date back to the mid-1950s in Luanda, where it was founded by Gonçalo Viana Franco. Having left behind a career in pharmacy, Gonçalo pursued his entrepreneurial vision by opening an optician’s bearing his name in the heart of the Angolan capital. Driven by a thirst for knowledge and a deep sense of dedication, he turned his dream into reality. With a commitment to professionalism and a forward-thinking approach, he integrated the most innovative technologies available at the time. This blend of passion, expertise, and innovation established Franco Oculista as a benchmark for quality and excellence in the field. In 1970s, the family returned to Portugal and opened the new FRANCO OCULISTA space on Avenida da Liberdade.

How do Franco Oculista describe their mission?

“Through individualized and segmented service, we seek to respond to the needs of each client. We combine our knowledge with the most sophisticated technical equipment and choose quality and reliable brands. We prioritize the evolution of our services and, for this reason, we work daily to satisfy and retain our customers with the utmost professionalism.”

Clara Pereira is one of the optometrists at Franco Oculista and has been an optometrist for nearly two decades. Based in a private clinic in Portugal, she brings years of experience and calm confidence to her consultations. We talked with her to learn how her clinical practice has evolved, particularly since integrating OCT and, more recently, Altris AI – AI for Decision Support with OCT.

Altris AI: Clara, can you tell us a bit about your daily work?

Clara: “Of course. I’ve been working as an optometrist for 19 years now. My practice is quite comprehensive—I assess refractive status, binocular vision, check the anterior segment with a slit lamp, measure intraocular pressure, and always examine the fundus.

Clara: “In Portugal, we face limitations. We’re not allowed to prescribe medication or perform cycloplegia, so imaging becomes crucial. I rely heavily on fundus photography and OCT to guide referrals and detect early pathology.”

Altris AI: How central is OCT diagnostics to your workflow?
Clara: “OCT is substantial. I perform an OCT exam on nearly every patient, on average, eight OCT exams per day. It’s an essential part of how I gather information. With just one scan, I can learn so much about eye health.”

Altris AI: What kind of conditions do you encounter most frequently?
Clara: “The most common diagnosis is epiretinal membrane—fibrosis. But I also manage patients with macular degeneration and other retinal pathologies. Having the right tools is key.”

Altris AI: And what OCT features do you use the most?
Clara: “I regularly use the Retina, Glaucoma, and Macula maps. But if I had to choose one, the Retina Map gives me the most complete picture. It’s become my go-to.”

Altris AI: You’ve recently started using Altris AI. What has that experience been like?
Clara: “At first, I didn’t know much about it. But when Optometron introduced Altris AI to me—a company I trust—I didn’t hesitate. And I’m glad I didn’t. From the beginning, it felt like a natural extension of my clinical reasoning.

Clara: “Altris AI gives me an extra layer of certainty. It helps me extract more from the OCT images. I usually interpret the scan myself first, and then I run it through the platform. That way, I validate my thinking while also learning something new.”

Altris AI: Have any standout cases where Altris AI made a difference?

Clara: “Yes. I’ve had a few. One was a case of advanced macular degeneration, in which the AI visualization really helped me explain the condition to the patient. Another was using anterior segment maps for fitting scleral lenses—Altris was incredibly useful there, too. I do a lot of specialty lens fittings, so that was a big advantage.”

Altris AI: Would you recommend Altris AI to your colleagues?

Clara: “I would recommend Altris AI to my colleagues. For me, it’s about more than just the diagnosis. It’s about feeling confident that I’m seeing everything clearly and giving my patients the best care possible. Altris AI helps me do exactly that.”

Why This Matters: Altris AI in Real Practice

Clara’s story reflects the real value of AI in optometry—not as a replacement for clinical judgment, but as a powerful companion. With every OCT scan, she strengthens her expertise, improves diagnostic accuracy, and gives her patients the reassurance they deserve.

Whether identifying early signs of fibrosis, supporting complex scleral lens fittings, or acting as a second opinion, Altris AI seamlessly fits into the modern optometrist’s workflow, making every scan more meaningful.

AI for Decision Support with OCT: Transforming Retinal Diagnostics

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing the field of ophthalmology, particularly through its integration with Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). OCT is a non-invasive imaging technique that captures high-resolution cross-sectional images of the retina, enabling early detection and monitoring of various ocular conditions. However, interpreting these scans requires time, expertise, and consistency—factors that AI-based decision support systems are uniquely positioned to enhance.

Altris AI (AI for OCT decision support platform) analyzes thousands of data points across B-scans, automatically detecting retinal pathologies, quantifying biomarkers, and identifying patterns that may be subtle or overlooked by the human eye. By providing objective, standardized assessments, Altris AI reduces diagnostic variability and improves clinical accuracy, especially in busy or high-volume practices.

For optometrists and ophthalmologists, AI acts as a second opinion, flagging early signs of diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma. It streamlines workflows by highlighting areas of concern, prioritizing cases that require urgent attention, and offering visual explanations that are easy to communicate to patients.

Moreover, Altris AI enableS longitudinal tracking of pathology progression. By comparing OCT scans over time ( even from various OCT devices), clinicians can monitor subtle changes in drusen volume, retinal thickness, supporting timely clinical decisions and tailored treatment strategies. The integration of AI into OCT interpretation not only enhances diagnostic confidence but also supports evidence-based care, early intervention, and improved patient outcomes. As AI continues to evolve, it will play a vital role in advancing precision medicine in ophthalmology, empowering eye care professionals with tools that are fast, reliable, and scalable.

In essence, AI for OCT decision support is not replacing clinical expertise; it is augmenting it, elevating the standard of care through speed, accuracy, and actionable insights.

Best AI for OCT: 10 Essential Features Your Platform Must Have 

So you’ve decided to trial AI for OCT analysis and wondering how to choose among all the available platforms. To save you some time, we’ve collected 10 most essential criteria according to which you can assess all existing AI platforms. Using this criteria you will be able to make an informed and rational choice.

As an ophthalmologist, I am interested in finding innovative and modern approaches that could help me to enhance the workflow and improve patient outcome as a result.Analyzing various platforms, I realized that these 10 criteria are crucial for the right choice.

1. Regulatory Compliance and Clinical Validation

In healthcare, safety is always first. Regulatory approval and clinical validation are essential for AI-powered platforms for OCT scan analysis.

The best AI OCT platforms should meet regulatory standards set by authorities such as the FDA, HIPAA, CE, and ISO. 

Adhering to regulatory guidelines enhances credibility and fosters trust among healthcare professionals. Check if the AI for OCT analysis tool has all these certificates in place and if they are valid.

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2.Wide range of biomarkers and pathologies detected

Some AI for OCT platforms concentrate on certain pathologies, like  Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) or Diabetic Retinopathy, because of the prevalence of these conditions among the population. It mostly means that eye care specialists must know in advance that they are dealing with the AMD patient to find the proof of AMD on the OCT.

The best AI for OCT tools should have a wide variety of biomarkers and pathologies, including rare ones that cannot be seen daily in clinical practice, such as central retinal vein and artery occlusions, vitelliform dystrophy, macular telangiectasia and others. Altris AI, the leader of OCT for AI analysis, detects 74 biomarkers and pathologies as of today. 

3.Cloud-Based Data Management and Accessibility

To ensure seamless integration into clinical workflows, the AI OCT platform should offer cloud-based data management and accessibility. Cloud storage allows for easy retrieval of patient records, remote consultations, and multi-location access. Secure cloud computing also enhances collaboration between ophthalmologists, optometrists, and researchers by enabling data sharing while maintaining compliance with data privacy regulations such as HIPAA and GDPR. 

Many clinics have strict policies regarding patient data storage as well: it is crucial that the data is stored on the servers in the region of operation. If the clinic is in EU, the data should be stored in the EU.

4.Real-world usage by eye care specialists

When choosing the best AI for OCT analysis, real-world usage by eye care specialists is the most critical factor. Advanced algorithms and high accuracy metrics mean little if the AI is not seamlessly integrated into clinical workflows and actively used by optometrists and ophthalmologists. There are thousands of research models available, but when it comes to the implementation, most of them are not available to ECPs.

Eye care professionals are not IT specialists. They require AI that is intuitive, fast, and reliable. If a system disrupts their workflow, generates excessive false alerts, or lacks clear explanations for its findings, adoption rates will be low—even if the technology itself is powerful. The best AI solutions are those that specialists trust and rely on daily to enhance diagnostic accuracy, streamline patient management, and support decision-making.

Moreover, real usage generates valuable feedback that continuously improves the AI. Systems actively used in clinical settings undergo rapid validation, refinement, and adaptation to diverse patient populations. This real-world data is far more meaningful than isolated test results in controlled environments.

5. Customizable Reporting and Visualization Tools

Reports are the result of the whole AI for OCT scan analysis that is why customizable and comprehensive reports are a must.

A high-quality AI OCT platform must offer customizable reporting and visualization tools. Clinicians should be able to adjust parameters, select specific data points, and generate detailed reports tailored to individual patient needs.

Heatmaps, 3D reconstructions, and trend analysis graphs should be available to help visualize disease progression. These tools improve the interpretability of AI-generated insights and facilitate patient education.

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6.AI for Early Glaucoma Detection

Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness, and since OCT is widely used to assess the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), Ganglion Cell Complex ( GCC), optic nerve head (ONH), AI can significantly enhance early detection and risk assessment.

Therefore, the best AI for OCT analysis tools have an AI for early glaucoma detection module available to assess the risk of glaucoma especially at the early stage. Moreover, tracking the progression of glaucoma with the help of AI should also be available for eye care specialists.  

Clear and bright notifications about glaucoma risk are also vital for making AI glaucoma modules easy to use.  AI can provide proactive insights that enable early intervention and personalized treatment plans

7.User – Friendly Interface and Intuitive Workflow Integration

A well-designed AI OCT platform should feature a user-friendly interface that integrates seamlessly into existing clinical workflows. 

It means that even non-tech-savvy eye care specialists should be able to navigate it effortlessly. 

The interface should be intuitive, reducing the learning curve for healthcare providers. Features such as automated scan interpretation, voice command functionality, and guided step-by-step analysis can enhance usability and efficiency.

8.Integration with Electronic Health Records (EHRs)

For a seamless clinical experience, the AI OCT platform should integrate with existing electronic health record (EHR) systems. Automated data synchronization between AI analysis and patient records enhances workflow efficiency and reduces administrative burden. This feature enables real-time updates, streamlined documentation, and easy access to past diagnostic reports.

9. Universal AI solutions compatible with all OCT devices

Uf you want to use AI to analyze OCT, this AI should be trained on data received from various OCT devices and therefore should be applicable with various OCT devices. A vendor-neutral AI tool for OCT analysis provides unmatched advantages over proprietary solutions tied to specific hardware. By working seamlessly with multiple OCT devices, it eliminates the need for costly equipment upgrades and ensures broader accessibility across clinics and hospitals.

This approach also fosters greater innovation, allowing AI models to continuously improve based on diverse datasets rather than being limited to a single manufacturer’s ecosystem. Vendor-neutral solutions integrate effortlessly into existing workflows, reducing training time and boosting efficiency. Clinicians benefit from unbiased, adaptable technology that prioritizes patient outcomes rather than locking users into restrictive ecosystems.

10. Cost-Effectiveness and Accessibility

To maximize its impact, an AI-powered OCT platform should be cost-effective and accessible to a wide range of healthcare providers. Affordable pricing models, including subscription-based or pay-per-use plans, can make AI technology available to smaller clinics and developing regions. Accessibility ensures that AI-driven OCT analysis benefits as many patients as possible, improving global eye health outcomes.

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Conclusion

What is the best  AI for OCT scan analysis? The best AI for OCT must be a comprehensive, intelligent, and adaptable platform that enhances diagnostic accuracy, streamlines clinical workflows, and supports proactive eye care. Key features such as high-accuracy automated analysis, multi-modal imaging integration, real-time decision support, cloud-based data management, interoperability, and explainable AI decision-making are crucial for an effective OCT AI system. By incorporating these attributes, AI-driven OCT platforms can revolutionize ophthalmology, enabling early disease detection, personalized treatment planning, and improved patient outcomes. As AI technology continues to advance, its integration with OCT will play an increasingly vital role in shaping the future of eye care.

Future of Ophthalmology: 2025 Top Trends

In a recent survey conducted by our team, we asked eye care specialists to identify the most transformative trends in ophthalmology by 2025. The results highlighted several key areas, with artificial intelligence (AI) emerging as the clear frontrunner, cited by 78% of respondents.

However, the survey also underscored the significant impact of optogenetics, novel AMD/GA therapies, and the continuing evolution of anti-VEGF treatments. This article will explore the practical implications of these advancements, providing an overview of how they are poised to reshape diagnosis, treatment, research, and, ultimately, patient outcomes in ophthalmology.

In this article, we will also discuss Oculomics, a very promising field that is gaining momentum.

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Top AI Technology for Detecting Eye-related Health Risks 2025

Building upon the survey’s findings, we begin with the most prevalent trend: top AI technology for detecting eye-related health risks in 2025

AI in Clinical Eye Care Practice

With the increasing prevalence of conditions like diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration, there is a growing need for efficient and accurate screening tools. And AI is already valuable for eye-care screening: algorithms can analyze retinal images and OCT scans to identify signs of these diseases, enabling early detection and timely intervention.

Source

AI-powered screening tools can also help identify rare inherited retinal dystrophies, such as Vitelliform dystrophy and Macular telangiectasia type 2. These conditions can be challenging to diagnose, but AI algorithms can analyze retinal images to detect subtle signs that human observers may miss.

AI also starts to play a crucial role in glaucoma management. Early detection of glaucoma demands exceptional precision, as the early signs are often subtle and difficult to detect. Another significant challenge in glaucoma screening is the high rate of false positive referrals, which can lead to unnecessary appointments in secondary care and cause anxiety for patients, yet delayed or missed detection of glaucoma results in irreversible vision loss for millions of people worldwide. So, automated AI-powered glaucoma analysis can offer transformative potential to improve patient outcomes.

One example of promising AI technology is Altris AI, artificial intelligence for OCT scan analysis, which has introduced its Advanced Optic Disc (OD) Analysis that provides a comprehensive picture of the optic disc’s structural damage, allowing detailed glaucoma assessment for treatment choice and monitoring.

This OD module evaluates optic disc parameters using OCT, providing personalized assessments by accounting for individual disc sizes and angle of rim absence. Such a tailored approach eliminates reliance on normative databases, making evaluations more accurate and patient-specific.

Furthermore, it enables cross-evaluation across different OCT systems, allowing practitioners to analyze macula and optic disc pathology, even when data originates from multiple OCT devices. Key parameters evaluated by Altris AI’s Optic Disc Analysis include disc area, cup area, cup volume, minimal and maximum cup depth, cup/disc area ratio, rim absence angle, and disc damage likelihood scale (DDLS).

AI for Clinical Trials and Research

AI is revolutionizing clinical trials and research in ophthalmology. One such key application of AI is biomarker discovery and analysis. Algorithms can analyze large datasets of medical images, such as OCT scans, to identify and quantify biomarkers for various eye diseases. These biomarkers can be used to assess disease progression, monitor treatment response, and predict clinical outcomes.

AI is also being used to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of clinical trials. By automating the process of identifying eligible patients for clinical trials, AI can help researchers recruit participants more quickly and ensure that trials include appropriate patient populations, accelerating the development of new treatments.

Algorithms can analyze real-world data (RWD) collected from electronic health records and other sources to generate real-world evidence (RWE). RWE provides valuable insights into disease progression, treatment patterns, and long-term outcomes in everyday clinical settings, complementing the findings of traditional randomized controlled trials.

Oculomics

Integrating digitized big data and computational power in multimodal imaging techniques has presented a unique opportunity to characterize macroscopic and microscopic ophthalmic features associated with health and disease, a field known as oculomics. To date, early detection of dementia and prognostic evaluation of cerebrovascular disease based on oculomics has been realized. Exploiting ophthalmic imaging in this way provides insights beyond traditional ocular observations.

For example, the NeurEYE research program, led by the University of Edinburgh, is using AI to analyze millions of anonymized eye scans to identify biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative conditions. This research can potentially revolutionize early detection and intervention for these devastating diseases.

Another effort spearheaded by researchers from Penn Medicine, Penn Engineering is exploring the use of AI to analyze retinal images for biomarkers indicative of cardiovascular risk. AI systems are being trained on fundus photography to detect crucial indicators, such as elevated HbA1c levels, a hallmark of high blood sugar, and a significant risk factor for both diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.

Source

AI analysis of retinal characteristics, such as retinal thinning, vascularity reduction, corneal nerve fiber damage, and eye movement, has shown promise in predicting Neurodegenerative diseases. Specifically, decreases in retinal vascular fractal dimension and vascular density have been identified as potential biomarkers for early cognitive impairment, while reductions in the retinal arteriole-to-venular ratio correlate with later stages.

Moving from AI, we now turn to another significant trend identified in our survey:

Optogenetics

Optogenetics represents a significant leap forward in ophthalmic therapeutics, offering a potential solution for vision restoration in patients with advanced retinal degenerative diseases, where traditional gene therapy often falls short. While gene replacement therapies are constrained by the need for viable target cells and the complexity of multi-gene disorders like retinitis pigmentosa (RP), optogenetics offers a broader approach.

This technique aims to circumvent the loss of photoreceptors by introducing light-sensitive proteins, known as opsins, into the surviving inner retinal cells and optic nerve, restoring visual function through light modulation. This method is particularly advantageous as it is agnostic to the specific genetic cause of retinal degeneration.

By delivering opsin genes to retinal neurons, the technology enables the precise manipulation of cellular activity, essentially transforming these cells into new light-sensing units. This approach can bypass the damaged photoreceptor layer, transmitting visual signals directly to the brain.

Several companies are pioneering advancements in this field. RhyGaze, for example, has secured substantial funding to accelerate the development of its lead clinical candidate, a novel gene therapy designed for optogenetic vision restoration. Their efforts encompass preclinical testing, including pharmacology and toxicology studies, an observational study to define clinical endpoints, and a first-in-human trial to assess safety and efficacy. The success of RhyGaze’s research could pave the way for widespread clinical applications, significantly impacting the treatment of blindness globally.

Source

Nanoscope Therapeutics is also making significant strides with its MCO-010 therapy. This investigational treatment, administered through a single intravitreal injection, delivers the Multi-Characteristic Opsin (MCO) gene, enabling remaining retinal cells to function as new light-sensing cells. Unlike earlier optogenetic therapies that required bulky external devices, MCO-010 eliminates the need for high-tech goggles, simplifying the treatment process and enhancing patient convenience. The ability to restore light sensitivity without external devices represents a major advancement, potentially broadening the applicability of optogenetics to a wider patient population.

Source

Another critical area of innovation highlighted in our survey is the advancement of treatments for AMD and GA.

New AMD/GA Treatment

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and geographic atrophy (GA) represent a significant challenge in ophthalmology, demanding innovative therapeutic strategies beyond the established anti-VEGF paradigm.

Source

Gene Correction

Gene editing is emerging as a powerful tool in the fight against AMD and GA, potentially correcting the underlying genetic errors that contribute to these diseases. Essentially, it allows us to make precise changes to a patient’s DNA.

Traditional gene editing techniques often rely on creating ‘double-strand breaks’ (DSBs) in the DNA at specific target sites, which are like precise cuts in the DNA strand. These cuts are made using specialized enzymes, like CRISPR-Cas9, which act as molecular scissors. While effective, these methods can sometimes introduce unwanted changes at the cut site, such as small insertions or deletions.

After a DSB is made, the cell’s natural repair mechanisms kick in. There are two main pathways:

• Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ): This is the cell’s quick-fix method. It essentially glues the broken ends back together. However, this process can sometimes introduce errors, leading to small insertions or deletions that can disrupt the gene’s function.
• Homology-Directed Repair (HDR): This is a more precise repair method. It uses a ‘donor’ DNA template to guide the repair process, ensuring accuracy. However, HDR is more complex and less efficient, especially in non-dividing cells.

To overcome these limitations of traditional gene editing, researchers have developed more precise techniques:

• Base Editing: This technique allows scientists to change a single ‘letter’ in the DNA code without creating DSBs.
• Prime Editing: This advanced technique builds upon CRISPR-Cas9, allowing for a wider range of precise DNA changes. It can correct most disease-causing mutations with enhanced safety and accuracy.
• CASTs (CRISPR-associated transposases): This method enables larger DNA modifications without creating DSBs, offering a safer approach to genetic correction.

Why does this matter for AMD and GA? These advancements in gene editing are crucial for addressing the genetic roots of these pathologies. We can potentially develop more effective and targeted therapies by precisely correcting the faulty genes that contribute to these diseases. The technologies are still being researched, but they hold great promise for the future of ophthalmology.

Cell Reprogramming

Cell reprogramming offers a novel approach to regenerative medicine, with the potential to replace damaged retinal cells. This technique involves changing a cell’s fate, either in vitro or in vivo. In vitro reprogramming involves extracting cells, reprogramming them in a laboratory, and then transplanting them back into the patient. In vivo reprogramming, which directly reprograms cells within the body, holds particular promise for retinal diseases. This approach has succeeded in preclinical studies, demonstrating the potential to restore vision in conditions like congenital blindness.

Vectors and Delivery Methods

The success of gene therapy relies on efficiently delivering therapeutic genes to target retinal cells. Vectors are essentially delivery vehicles, designed to carry therapeutic genes into cells. These vectors can be broadly classified into two categories: viral and non-viral. Vectors, both viral and non-viral, are crucial for this process.

Viral vectors are modified viruses that have been engineered to remove their harmful components and replace them with therapeutic genes. They are highly efficient at delivering genes into cells, as they have evolved to do just that. Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are the most commonly used viral vectors in ocular gene therapy due to their safety profile and cell-specificity. The diversity of AAV serotypes allows for tailored gene delivery to specific retinal cell types.

Non-viral vectors, on the other hand, are synthetic systems that don’t rely on viruses. They can be made from lipids, polymers, or even DNA itself. While they may be less efficient than viral vectors, they offer safety and ease of production advantages.

Advances in vector design, whether viral or non-viral, are focused on enhancing gene expression, cell-specificity, and carrying capacity.

Now, let’s examine the ongoing evolution of anti-VEGF treatments, a cornerstone of modern retinal care.

New Anti-VEGF drugs

The landscape of ophthalmology has undergone a dramatic transformation since the early 1970s when Judah Folkman first proposed the concept of tumor angiogenesis. His idea sparked research that ultimately led to the identification of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in 1989 and the development of anti-VEGF therapies, revolutionizing the treatment of neovascular eye diseases, dramatically improving outcomes for patients with wet AMD, diabetic retinopathy, and retinal vein occlusions.

Population-based studies have shown a substantial reduction (up to 47%) in blindness due to wet AMD since the introduction of anti-VEGF therapies. However, significant gaps remain despite this progress, especially regarding treatment durability. Anti-VEGF drugs require frequent intravitreal injections, which can be difficult for patients due to time commitments, financial costs, and potential discomfort. Although newer agents have extended treatment intervals, patient adherence and undertreatment challenges persist in real-world settings. Innovative approaches are being investigated to address these unmet needs to increase drug durability and reduce the treatment burden.

Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors

One approach to increasing treatment durability is using tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). TKIs are small-molecule drugs that act as pan-VEGF blockers by binding directly to VEGF receptor sites inside cells, offering a different action mechanism than traditional anti-VEGF drugs that target circulating VEGF proteins.

Currently, TKIs are being investigated as maintenance therapy, primarily in conjunction with sustained-release delivery systems. Two promising TKIs for retinal diseases are axitinib and vorolanib. In a bioresorbable hydrogel implant, Axitinib is being studied for neovascular AMD and diabetic retinopathy. Vorolanib, in a sustained-release delivery system, is also being investigated for neovascular AMD. These TKIs offer the potential for less frequent dosing, reducing the treatment burden for patients.

Port Delivery System

The Port Delivery System (PDS) is a surgically implanted, refillable device that provides continuous ranibizumab delivery for up to 6 months. While it’s FDA-approved for neovascular AMD, it’s also being investigated for other retinal diseases, such as diabetic macular edema and diabetic retinopathy.

Source

Although the PDS faced a voluntary recall due to issues with septum dislodgment, it has returned to the market with modifications. The PDS offers the potential for significantly reduced treatment frequency for a subset of patients. However, challenges remain, including the need for meticulous surgical implantation and the risk of endophthalmitis.

Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology offers promising solutions to overcome limitations of current ocular drug delivery. The unique structure of the eye, with its various barriers, poses challenges for drug delivery. Topical administration often fails to achieve therapeutic concentrations, while frequent intravitreal injections carry risks. Nanotechnology can improve drug solubility, permeation, and bioavailability through nanoparticles, potentially extending drug residence time and reducing the need for frequent injections. Several nanoparticle systems, lipid and polymeric, are being studied for ocular drug delivery, offering hope for more effective and less invasive treatments.

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Summing up

The advancements discussed in this article, encompassing AI, optogenetics, novel AMD/GA therapies, and refined anti-VEGF treatments, collectively signal a transformative era for ophthalmology. As highlighted by the survey results, AI probably encompasses most of the changes by redefining diagnostic and clinical workflows through its capacity for image analysis, biomarker identification, and personalized patient management.

Optogenetics offers a distinct pathway to vision restoration, bypassing limitations of traditional gene therapy. The progress in AMD/GA treatments, particularly gene editing and cell reprogramming, presents opportunities for targeted interventions. Finally, the evolution of anti-VEGF therapies, with innovations in drug delivery and sustained-release mechanisms, addresses persistent challenges in managing neovascular diseases.

These developments, driven by technological innovation and clinical research, promise to enhance patient outcomes and reshape the future of ophthalmic care.